Open Source Keyboards

Guide to Open Source Keyboards

Open source keyboards are mechanical or electronic keyboard designs made available to the public with permissive licenses, allowing users to freely modify, share, and build upon the original designs. These keyboards often include open schematics, firmware source code, and case files, encouraging a community-driven approach to customization and innovation. Enthusiasts and developers alike are drawn to these projects for the opportunity to personalize layouts, key mappings, and even switch types to suit individual preferences or ergonomic needs.

The open source keyboard community thrives on collaboration, with many projects shared on platforms or forums such as Geekhack and Reddit’s r/MechanicalKeyboards. Popular firmware like QMK (Quantum Mechanical Keyboard) and VIA have played a significant role in the accessibility and functionality of open source boards by providing user-friendly interfaces and advanced features, including macros, layers, and RGB control. These developments have enabled a broader range of users—from casual tinkerers to professional developers—to contribute to the ecosystem and benefit from shared knowledge and designs.

One of the main appeals of open source keyboards is their ability to foster innovation outside the confines of commercial manufacturing. By removing proprietary restrictions, these projects invite experimentation with materials, ergonomics, and programming. This has led to a diverse landscape of keyboard types, from split and ortholinear layouts to wireless DIY builds. As users share their modifications and feedback, the open source keyboard community continues to evolve, shaping the future of personal computing input devices with creativity and inclusivity.

What Features Do Open Source Keyboards Provide?

• Fully Programmable Keymaps: Open source keyboards support complete remapping of every key using firmware like QMK or ZMK. You can create custom layers, define tap/hold behaviors, assign macros, and build complex shortcuts—perfect for productivity, programming, or gaming.
• Layer System for Multi-Purpose Use: Layers act like virtual keyboards stacked on top of each other. You can switch between layouts for media controls, coding, gaming, or even different typing languages, all from the same physical device.
• Hot-Swappable Switches: Many keyboards support hot-swap sockets, letting you change switches without soldering. This makes it easy to experiment with different mechanical switch types to find the one that feels best.
• Modular and Customizable Hardware: Open source boards are often modular, allowing you to choose or design your layout (40%, 60%, split, ortholinear, etc.). You can mix and match cases, plates, and PCBs to create a fully custom build.
• Graphical Configuration Tools (VIA/VIAL): Tools like VIA and VIAL provide user-friendly interfaces to remap keys and adjust layers or lighting in real time, with no need to compile firmware manually. These tools work on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
• Wireless and Bluetooth Support: With firmware like ZMK, you can build wireless keyboards, including split layouts. They support Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), device switching, and battery monitoring for fully portable setups.
• Per-Key RGB and Backlight Effects: Many boards feature customizable RGB lighting. You can assign colors to specific keys or use effects like typing ripples and rainbow waves, with support for layer-based color changes or status indicators.
• OLED and Display Integration: Some builds include OLED screens to show system info, active layers, typing speed (WPM), battery levels, or even animations—adding both utility and flair.
• Macros and Advanced Tap Features: Macros allow you to automate sequences (e.g., passwords or commands). Tap/Hold lets one key do two jobs—like tap for Esc, hold for Ctrl—making compact layouts more efficient.
• Split Keyboard Support for Ergonomics: Many open boards come in split designs for better posture and reduced strain. Some are cabled, others wireless. They allow for shoulder-width separation and more natural hand positions.
• Alternative Layout Compatibility: You can easily set up non-QWERTY layouts like Colemak, Dvorak, or Workman. These layouts can reduce finger movement and strain, and switching between them is seamless with layered configuration.
• Open Source Firmware and Bootloaders: QMK, ZMK, and others are open source and community-maintained. Users can inspect, modify, or contribute to the code, and bootloaders like DFU or Caterina make firmware flashing accessible.
• Security and Privacy Conscious: Unlike proprietary keyboards, open source boards don’t phone home. All settings live on your board and computer—ideal for users who prioritize control over their hardware and data.
• Multi-Language and Unicode Input: Easily input special characters and symbols from different languages or Unicode ranges by mapping them directly—no more copying from character maps.
• Community Resources and DIY Flexibility: The open keyboard community offers extensive support via forums, Discord, and shared files. You can build your own board from scratch, modify others’ designs, or even 3D print your own keycaps and cases.

What Types of Open Source Keyboards Are There?

• Layout Types: Open source keyboards vary in size and key count to suit user needs: Includes full-size (with numpad and function keys), tenkeyless or TKL (without the numpad), compact layouts like 75%, 65%, and 60% (removing nav clusters and/or function rows), and ultra-compact 40% keyboards (relying heavily on layers and shortcuts).
• Ergonomic Designs: Designed for comfort and reducing repetitive strain: Includes split keyboards (two halves for natural arm positioning), ortholinear layouts (keys aligned in straight columns), and columnar-staggered or "ergogrid" layouts (following the natural arc of fingers).
• Programmable Features: Built for flexibility and personal workflow optimization: Support fully customizable keymaps, multiple layers, dynamic macros, tap-dance functions (multi-action keys), and are often compatible with open source firmware that lets users modify behavior at the code level.
• DIY and Construction Options: Emphasize user-built customization and hardware tinkering: Available as solderable kits or hand-wired builds, with cases and plates often made using 3D printing, laser cutting, or CNC machining based on shared open files; ideal for hobbyists who enjoy building from scratch.
• Electronics and Controllers: Hardware is built around accessible microcontrollers and modular parts: Often powered by chips like the ATmega32U4 or RP2040, with support for hot-swappable switches, wireless connections (Bluetooth), and sometimes integrated features like OLED or E-Ink displays for real-time feedback.
• Software and Community Tools: Supported by robust communities and easy-to-use software: Firmware platforms are open and collaborative, with visual keymap editors and configuration tools compatible across operating systems, allowing even non-programmers to personalize their keyboards easily.
• Modularity and Expansion: Encourages evolving and expanding keyboard functions: Supports modular layouts (custom rows/columns), hot-swappable components, and extensions like rotary encoders, macro pads, or knobs, allowing users to tailor the keyboard for specific use cases or accessibility.
• Specialized Use Cases: Targeted at niche needs or workflows: Includes gaming-focused designs (fast actuation and RGB control), accessible layouts (for one-handed use or alternative input methods), and boards with built-in pointing devices like trackballs or touch sensors.

What Are the Benefits Provided by Open Source Keyboards?

• Customizability: Open source keyboards let you remap every key, build custom layouts (e.g., split or ortholinear), and configure layers or macros to suit your workflow.
• Open firmware/software: Projects like QMK and VIA offer transparent, modifiable code with constant updates from the community and no forced reliance on vendor support.
• Hardware flexibility: Many open source keyboards are modular or hot-swappable, allowing users to change switches, microcontrollers, or cases with ease.
• Strong community support: Enthusiastic online communities offer shared keymaps, troubleshooting help, and group buys for unique builds and parts.
• Cross-platform compatibility: These keyboards avoid OS-dependent drivers and work seamlessly across Windows, macOS, and Linux without extra software.
• Privacy and security: With no telemetry or proprietary background apps, open source boards protect your data and let you audit the firmware code.
• Learning opportunity: Users can gain experience with soldering, circuit design, programming (C or JSON), and even CAD tools for custom case design.
• Encourages innovation: Open design invites experimentation with ergonomic layouts, OLEDs, haptics, or new typing schemes like Colemak or Dvorak.
• Long-term value: Though not always cheaper upfront, open source boards save money over time by allowing easy repairs, upgrades, and part reuse.
• Full user ownership: You control the hardware and software entirely, creating a personalized typing tool that reflects your preferences and needs.

What Types of Users Use Open Source Keyboards?

• Mechanical Keyboard Enthusiasts: Love customizing switches, keycaps, and layouts for a highly personalized typing experience.
• Software Developers & Programmers: Use programmable layouts and macros to streamline coding and reduce repetitive hand movement.
• Open Source Advocates: Prefer transparent, modifiable hardware that aligns with their values of software freedom and community-driven development.
• Gamers: Customize keys and macros for faster, more responsive gameplay tailored to individual gaming styles.
• Ergonomic Seekers: Use split and ergonomic layouts to minimize strain and prevent repetitive stress injuries.
• Writers & Content Creators: Favor tactile, distraction-free typing setups optimized for long-form writing and editing workflows.
• Language Learners & Polyglots: Customize layouts to support multiple languages, character sets, and quick language switching.
• DIY Tinkerers & Hardware Hackers: Enjoy building, modifying, and experimenting with keyboard firmware, cases, and components.
• Accessibility Users: Adapt layouts and controls to fit unique physical needs for improved accessibility and usability.
• Tech Educators & STEM Students: Use keyboards as hands-on tools to teach or learn electronics, firmware, and embedded systems.
• Minimalists & Productivity Hackers: Optimize small form factor layouts and create layered workflows to boost efficiency and reduce clutter.

How Much Do Open Source Keyboards Cost?

The cost of open source keyboards can vary widely depending on the components used, level of customization, and whether the keyboard is built from a kit or sourced as a pre-assembled unit. Entry-level open source keyboards can start around $50 to $100, especially if users are sourcing budget parts and assembling them on their own. These typically include a basic PCB (printed circuit board), switches, and keycaps. However, even at this price point, the benefit of open source designs is the flexibility they offer in layout and programmability, often exceeding what is found in similarly priced mainstream alternatives.

On the higher end, open source mechanical keyboards can reach well above $300, especially when using premium components such as gasket-mounted aluminum cases, hot-swappable PCBs, and custom-machined keycaps. Many enthusiasts also invest in specialty switches and artisan keycaps, which significantly drive up the price. In addition, tools and accessories for soldering or lubrication can add to the total cost if a user is building their own board. Ultimately, while open source keyboards can be affordable, they are also an avenue for deep personalization that can lead to significant investment depending on one’s preferences and goals.

What Software Can Integrate With Open Source Keyboards?

Open source keyboards are customizable hardware devices that support integration with a variety of software types, enabling advanced functionality, custom layouts, and productivity enhancements. The kinds of software that can integrate with these keyboards typically fall into several categories.

One important category is keyboard firmware configuration software. Open source keyboards often rely on firmware like QMK (Quantum Mechanical Keyboard) or ZMK, which are themselves open source. Users employ tools such as VIA or VIAL to create and upload custom keymaps, macros, and layers directly to the keyboard without needing to recompile firmware manually. These applications offer graphical interfaces to make key remapping and macro creation more accessible.

Another key category is automation and scripting platforms. Software like AutoHotkey (for Windows), Karabiner-Elements (for macOS), or tools like Hammerspoon and espanso can intercept keyboard input at the operating system level. This allows users to create complex scripts, hotstrings, and automated workflows that respond to custom keystrokes sent by the keyboard. Open source keyboards are particularly well-suited for this because they can send unique keycodes or sequences not found on standard keyboards.

Integrated development environments (IDEs) and productivity tools also benefit from integration with open source keyboards. Developers and professionals using software like Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text, Blender, or Photoshop often configure their keyboards to trigger specific commands, tool switches, or coding patterns through programmable macros. In this context, integration doesn't occur at the software level directly, but through keybindings and macros designed to enhance workflow efficiency.

Some open source keyboards also integrate with lighting and RGB control software, particularly if the board has addressable LEDs. Tools such as OpenRGB or the RGB components within QMK firmware allow users to synchronize lighting effects with system events or other peripherals.

There is potential integration with accessibility and assistive technologies, where open source keyboards are used alongside speech recognition software, screen readers, or custom interfaces tailored to users with specific needs. The ability to deeply configure input behavior makes these keyboards valuable in contexts requiring high degrees of personalization.

In all of these cases, the openness and programmability of the keyboard firmware, coupled with extensible or scriptable software on the host computer, create a powerful platform for integration.

Open Source Keyboards Trends

• Customization and Modularity: Open source keyboards are increasingly built to be modular—users can swap switches without soldering, rearrange key layouts, and use hot-swappable PCBs. Layouts like split and ortholinear are now commonly supported in DIY kits.
• Firmware Innovation (QMK, VIA, ZMK): QMK remains the backbone of open source firmware, offering deep configurability. VIA simplifies key remapping with a graphical interface, while ZMK is rising for wireless and power-efficient keyboards.
• Ergonomic Design and Typing Health: Ergonomics are a major focus—split keyboards (like the Ergodox and Dactyl Manuform), angled tents, and alternative layouts (like Colemak and Workman) help reduce strain and improve posture.
• Community Collaboration and DIY Culture: Open source keyboards thrive on shared designs and open collaboration. Platforms are filled with files, build logs, and firmware tweaks that empower builders worldwide to iterate on others’ work.
• Materials and Fabrication Tools: 3D printing is enabling customized cases and ergonomic curves. Meanwhile, new PCB materials and CNC aluminum shells are helping makers experiment with feel, weight, and sound.
• Wireless and Low-Power Technology: With microcontrollers like Nice!Nano and RP2040, wireless setups using Bluetooth LE are becoming standard. ZMK firmware in particular supports these innovations while keeping power usage minimal.
• Localization and Global Communities: Developers across the globe are customizing keyboard layouts for different languages and regions. Communities in countries like Korea, Germany, and Brazil are building their own firmware forks and hardware designs.
• Experimental Layouts and Ultra-Minimalism: Many keyboards are exploring radical layouts like column-staggered (e.g. Ferris Sweep), ultra-low-profile (e.g. using Kailh Choc switches), or even ultra-compact 30% layouts that rely heavily on layers and macros.
• Vendors and Ecosystem Expansion: Small-scale vendors such as Keebio and splitkb.com are helping to distribute community-developed open source designs, often bundling firmware and documentation to make the process easier for newcomers.
• Style, Aesthetics, and Personalization: Builders express themselves through custom keycaps, RGB lighting, and themed builds. Artisan caps and creative case designs elevate keyboards from tools to personalized tech art.
• Sustainability and Forward-Looking Design: The future includes cloud-synced profiles, AI-based remapping, and energy-efficient hardware. Some makers are even experimenting with biodegradable plastics and minimalist, low-impact packaging.

How To Get Started With Open Source Keyboards

When choosing the right open source keyboard, it's important to consider several key factors to ensure it aligns with your needs, preferences, and technical comfort level. Start by identifying your primary use case—whether it's for typing, gaming, programming, or general use. This helps you narrow down options based on layout and switch type. For example, typists may prefer tactile switches for their feedback, while gamers often favor linear switches for speed and smooth keystrokes.

Next, consider the keyboard layout and form factor. Common layouts include full-size, tenkeyless (TKL), and 60%, each varying in size and the number of keys. Full-size keyboards offer a number pad and full function row, which may be ideal for productivity, while 60% keyboards are more compact and portable but lack dedicated arrow keys and function keys, relying on key combinations instead. Select a layout that balances your workspace, portability needs, and preferred typing style.

Examine the hardware support and community ecosystem of the open source project. A well-maintained project will have thorough documentation, active community forums or forum discussions, and frequent firmware updates. This is especially important if you plan to customize the firmware or layout using tools like QMK or VIA. Compatibility with open source firmware can unlock powerful features such as key remapping, macros, and lighting control, so confirm that the keyboard you’re considering supports these platforms.

Check for build quality and materials as well. Open source keyboards vary widely in terms of case material (plastic, aluminum, or polycarbonate), keycap type (ABS vs. PBT), and PCB quality. A solid case and high-quality stabilizers can make a significant difference in the typing feel and sound. If you're building a keyboard yourself, look for kits that include or support hot-swappable PCBs, which let you change switches without soldering.

Lastly, factor in your budget and willingness to tinker. Open source keyboards often require some DIY effort, especially if you’re purchasing a kit rather than a pre-built option. Evaluate how much time you want to spend assembling and customizing versus having a plug-and-play experience. Some communities offer beginner-friendly kits with guides and tools included, while others are more suited for experienced builders.

Choosing the right open source keyboard ultimately depends on balancing technical requirements with personal preferences in feel, aesthetics, and usability. Taking the time to explore reviews, community feedback, and project documentation will help you make a confident and informed decision.